The Internet is a computer network formed by the United States Department of Defense in 1969, through an ARPA agency project that developed a network called the ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), where they demonstrated how to UNIX-based computer hardware and software. The initial purpose of the construction project was for military purposes. At that time the United States Department of Defense (US Department of Defense) created a distributed computer network system by connecting computers in vital areas to solve problems in the event of a nuclear attack and to avoid centralized information, which in case of war can be easily destroyed. At first the ARPANET only connected 4 sites, namely the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of Utah, where they formed an integrated network in 1969, and in general the ARPANET was introduced in October 1972. Not long after this project rapidly growing across the region, and all the universities in the country wanted to join, making it difficult for the ARPANET to manage. Therefore the ARPANET was divided into two, namely "MILNET" for military purposes and the new, smaller "ARPANET" (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) for non-military purposes such as universities.
Developments occur, among others, in the form of a wider range and increased speed.
The combination of the two networks eventually became known as DARPA Internet, which was later simplified to become the Internet. Before the Internet appeared, there have been several digital-based communication systems, one of which is the telegraph system which is often regarded as the predecessor of the Internet. This system emerged in the 19th century, or more than a hundred years before the internet was widely used in the 1990s. Telegraph technology itself comes from a concept that existed even before the first modern computers were created, namely the concept of sending data through electromagnetic media such as radio or cable. However, this technology is still limited because it is only able to connect a maximum of two devices. In later eras, scientists such as Claude Shannon, Harry Nyquist, and Ralph Hartley, developed the theory of data and information transmission, which became the basis for many theories in this field. Developments occur, among others, in the form of a wider range and increased speed. However, difficulties still occur because the connection between the two means of communication must occur physically, for example through a cable.
Such a system is certainly not safe because it can be easily broken, especially during a war. In 1960, JCRLicklider introduced the term "Man-Computer Symbiosis" in his scientific work. He defined the term as "a network of computers connected to each other through a wide communication band that functions as a library, equipped with information storage and retrieval technology." Licklider together with another scientist named Welden Clark also published another work entitled "On-Line Man-Computer Communication". In this work, he explains how human life changes with the existence of interconnected computer networks. Two years later, Licklider received an offer from Jack Runia to work as director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), a new division within DARPA. The team's goal is to create a network that connects the three main computers of the United States Department of Defense in the Cheyenne Mountains, the Pentagon, and SAC HQ. He agreed and immediately formed a team which he referred to as the "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network". Although Licklider eventually left the IPTO in 1964, his vision of a universal network led to the creation of the ARPANET five years later, in 1969. In 1973 Licklider returned to lead for two years. The problem that arises in the next development is how to unite separate physical networks into one logical network. In 1960, Paul Baran published a study on network systems for the United States military.
This system is designed to survive in the event of a nuclear war. With this system, the information that passes is divided into smaller forms, which are called message-blocks. Elsewhere, Donald Davies also developed a network technology that is almost similar. This technology is based on a system that he named packet-switching, with various advantages over previous techniques, including better utilization of network bands and faster response times than traditional circuits. The mathematical theory for this technology was later developed by Leonard Kleinrock of MIT. Further research was then carried out by Tommy Krash and Paul Baran. Funded by the United States military, they seek to leverage the previously invented message-block system to troubleshoot structural vulnerabilities in existing network system technologies. This vulnerability occurs due to a centralized routing structure, so that if the entire system is damaged, the Internet is a computer network formed by the United States Department of Defense in 1969, through an ARPA agency project that developed a network called the ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network). they demonstrate how with UNIX-based computer hardware and software. The initial purpose of the construction project was for military purposes. At that time the United States Department of Defense (US Department of Defense) created a distributed computer network system by connecting computers in vital areas to solve problems in the event of a nuclear attack and to avoid centralized information, which in case of war can be easily destroyed.
ARPANET via dial-up network.
At first the ARPANET only connected 4 sites, namely the Stanford Research Institute, the University of California, Santa Barbara, the University of Utah, where they formed an integrated network in 1969, and in general the ARPANET was introduced in October 1972. Not long after this project rapidly growing across the region, and all the universities in the country wanted to join, making it difficult for the ARPANET to manage. Therefore the ARPANET was split into two, namely the "MILNET" for military purposes and the new, smaller "ARPANET" for non-military purposes such as universities. The combination of the two networks eventually became known as DARPA Internet, which was later simplified to become the Internet. United States Department of Defense, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which aims to enable the United States to improve the country's science and technology. One of the targets is computer technology. This year also the RAND Corporation began research on this idea (distributed computer network), which is intended for military purposes. United States and universities. ARPANET via dial-up network. The unions are the University College of London from England and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway. This year there were more than 1000 hosts registered to the Internet. DNS (Domain Name System) which serves to uniform the system of naming addresses on computer networks. In 1971, Ray Tomlinson succeeded in perfecting the e-mail program he created a year ago for the ARPANET. This e-mail program was so easy that it instantly became popular.
In the same year, the "@" icon was also introduced as an important symbol indicating "at" or "on". In 1973, the ARPANET computer network began to be developed outside the United States. The University College computer in London was the first computer outside of America to become a member of the Arpanet network. In the same year, two computer experts namely Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn presented a bigger idea, which became the forerunner of internet thinking. This idea was presented for the first time at the University of Sussex. The next historic day was March 26, 1976, when the Queen of England managed to send an e-mail from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment in Malvern. A year later, more than 100 computers have joined the ARPANET to form a network. In 1979, Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis and Steve Bellovin, created the first newsgroups called USENET. In 1981 France Telecom created a buzz by launching the first television telephone, where people could call each other while connecting with a video link. Because the computers that make up the network are increasing day by day, it takes an official protocol that is recognized by all networks. In 1982, the Transmission Control Protocol or TCP and the Internet Protocol or IP we all know were formed. Meanwhile in Europe a rival computer network emerged, known as Eunet, which provided computer network services in the Netherlands, England, Denmark and Sweden. The Eunet network provides USENET e-mail and newsgroup services.
To homogenize addresses on existing computer networks, in 1984 the domain name system was introduced, which we now know as DNS or the Domain Name System. Computers connected to the existing network have more than 1000 computers. In 1987 the number of computers connected to the network jumped 10-fold to over 10,000. In 1988, Jarko Oikarinen from Finland discovered and at the same time introduced IRC or Internet Relay Chat. A year later, the number of interconnected computers again jumped 10 times in a year. No less than 100,000 computers now form a network. The year 1990 was the most historic year, when Tim Berners Lee invented a program editor and browser that could roam from one computer to another, which formed the network. This program is called www, or the World Wide Web. In 1992, computers that were connected to each other to form a network had exceeded a million computers, and in the same year the term surfing the internet emerged. By 1994, the internet site had grown to 3000 page addresses, and for the first time virtual-shopping or e-retail appeared on the internet. The world immediately changed. In the same year Yahoo! Web 1.0 is the initial technology of the website, where the creator is a provider of information and the user is only a reader (such as reading a newspaper on a computer, the activity is only searching).